Unveiling the Mysteries Behind Capacity Loss in Batteries
Understanding the inner workings of a battery can shed light on the factors contributing to capacity loss. The energy reservoir of a battery can be categorized into three compartments: the readily available energy, the rechargeable empty zone, and the inactive portion termed as rock content, which becomes inert over time due to usage and aging.
As the rock content within the battery accumulates, the charging duration decreases proportionally since there's less space to replenish. This phenomenon of quicker charging times is particularly noticeable in nickel-based batteries and, to some extent, in lead-acid batteries, albeit not as pronounced in lithium-ion batteries. The diminished charge transfer capability impedes the flow of free electrons, thereby extending the charging duration with aged lithium-ion batteries.
Capacity fade typically exhibits a linear decline and is predominantly influenced by the number of cycles and the age of the battery. Opting for partial discharges rather than deep discharges helps mitigate stress on the battery, thus prolonging its lifespan. It's advisable to avoid fully discharging the battery and instead opt for more frequent charging sessions. Periodic full discharges are recommended for nickel-based batteries to manage memory effects and for smart batteries as part of calibration. On average, lithium-ion and nickel-based batteries endure around 300 to 500 full discharge/charge cycles before experiencing a capacity drop below 80 percent.
Device specifications are typically based on the performance of a new battery. However, this pristine performance is ephemeral, inevitably diminishing over time. Neglecting to address the reduced runtime stemming from battery degradation can culminate in device malfunctions attributable to battery-related issues.
A battery pack should ideally be replaced upon reaching the 80 percent capacity threshold. Nonetheless, the determination of end-of-life criteria may vary depending on the application, user preferences, and company policies. Regular capacity measurements serve as the most reliable indicator for battery replacement, with recommended assessments conducted every three months, particularly for active fleet batteries.
Beyond age-related degradation, sulfation and grid corrosion emerge as primary adversaries of lead-acid batteries. Sulfation manifests as a thin layer on the negative cell plate when the battery remains in a low state-of-charge for extended periods. Timely intervention through equalizing charges can reverse this condition. Grid corrosion, on the other hand, can be mitigated through meticulous charging practices and optimized float charge settings.
In the realm of nickel-based batteries, crystalline formation, often termed as "memory," contributes to rock content accumulation. Engaging in full discharge/charge cycles periodically can restore the battery to its optimal functioning state. Implementing periodic full discharges during battery usage helps manage crystallization and prevents damage to the separator.
For lithium-ion batteries, the aging process is characterized by cell oxidation, an irreversible phenomenon intrinsic to usage and aging.
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