The Evolving Landscape of Battery Technology: Unveiling New Energy Vehicle Battery Developments | EN
In the dynamic realm of battery technology, recent trends are shaping the landscape, especially with the burgeoning advancements in new energy vehicle (NEV) batteries. Let's delve into the latest developments and explore key data comparisons across different time periods.
Chemistry: A Crucial Determinant
Batteries, the backbone of modern energy storage, are characterized by their chemistry, voltage, and specific energy. Lead, nickel, and lithium are the most prevalent chemistries, each requiring a designated charger. Mismatching chargers may initially seem functional but can lead to improper charge termination. It's crucial to observe regulatory requirements for shipping and disposal, varying with each battery chemistry.
Voltage Dynamics
Nominal voltage markings on batteries may differ from their open circuit voltage (OCV) when fully charged, with OCV being 5–7 percent higher. Chemistry and the number of cells in series dictate OCV. Closed circuit voltage (CCV) represents the operating voltage, emphasizing the importance of checking nominal voltage compatibility before battery connection.
Capacity Insights
Capacity, denoted in ampere-hours (Ah), signifies a battery's specific energy. Installing a higher Ah battery extends runtime, while a smaller pack yields shorter runtime. Chargers exhibit tolerance for Ah ratings, with a larger battery requiring more charging time. European batteries use Ah, while North America employs Reserve Capacity (RC), reflecting discharge time in minutes at a 25A discharge.
Cold Cranking Amps (CCA) Unveiled
Starter batteries, labeled with CCA, indicate the current a battery can deliver at –18°C (0°F). American and European norms slightly differ, necessitating attention to specific regional standards.
Exploring Energy Density and Power
Specific energy (Wh/kg) and energy density (Wh/l) define battery capacity in weight and volume, respectively. Products optimized for high specific energy suit prolonged runtimes, while high specific power accommodates heavy current loads. The analogy of a water bottle helps grasp the concept: specific energy is the water content, while the spout pouring water represents specific power.
C-rates and Load Considerations
C-rate signifies the speed of battery charging or discharging. Load, representing the current drawn, is influenced by internal battery resistance and depleting state-of-charge (SoC). Understanding watts (W) and volt-amps (VA) is crucial, with power factor (pf) considerations for reactive loads.
State-of-Health (SoH) Indicators
SoH indicators include capacity, internal resistance, and self-discharge. Lithium-ion batteries reveal SoH primarily through capacity, with internal resistance and self-discharge remaining low under normal circumstances. SoH can be further divided into Absolute SoH (ASoH) and Relative SoH (RSoH).
State-of-Charge (SoC) Complexity
SoC reflects battery charge level, a familiar metric for users. However, it can create a false sense of security, especially with faded batteries displaying 100 percent when fully charged. SoC is categorized into Absolute SoC (ASoC) and Relative SoC (RSoC).
State-of-Function (SoF) Unveiled
SoF gauges battery readiness by considering usable energy in relation to available capacity. Tri-state fuel gauges visually represent stored energy, fillable and empty parts, and the unusable section. Devices may provide access codes for service personnel to read SoF.
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